Pulling together the most up-to-date research on the effects of restrictive language policies, this timely volume focuses on what we know about the actual outcomes for students and teachers in California, Arizona, and Massachusetts, states where these policies have been adopted. Prominent legal experts in bilingual education analyze these policies and specifically consider whether the new data undermine their legal viability. Other prominent contributors examine alternative policies and how these have fared. Finally, Patricia Gándara, Daniel Losen, and Gary Orfield suggest how better policies, that rely on empirical research, might be constructed. This timely volume features contributions from well-known educators and scholars in bilingual education. It includes an overview of English learners in the United States and a brief history of the policies that have guided their instruction. It also analyzes the current research on teaching English learners in order to determine the most effective instructional strategies.

This text is concerned with the privat and public control of land use; the former through the restrictive covenant, the latter by planning (development) control. With its emphasis on the former, and the manifesttion of the restrictive covenant both severally and in teh building scheme, it explores the contrasting objectives and possible futures of private and public control. The main theme of the work is preceded by a succinct exposition of the evolution of the restrictive covenant and its adaptation to changing social and economic need, and followed by a critical assessment of the future direction of the restrictive covenant in a system dominated by public planning (development) control and environmental regulation. Drawing on experience outside the UK (particularly the USA), it considers how private property interests increasingly protect matters not only outwith planning control, but also by way of extending and supplementing that particular form of regulation.